Conditioned avoidance decrement under spreading depression

Conditioned Avoidance

The procedure described here involves training an animal to make steady contact with a reward spout in order to receive food or water and then pairing a stimulus with mild electric shock delivered through the spout. The animal quickly learns to avoid the shock by breaking contact with the spout whenever it detects the stimulus. The breaking of contact with the spout is then used to indicate tha...

Performance Decrement under Psychological Stress.

Resistance to extinction, generalization decrement, and conditioned reinforcement.

This study investigated generalization decrement during an extinction resistance-to-change test for pigeon key pecking using a two-component multiple schedule with equal variable-interval 3-min schedules and different reinforcer amounts (one component presented 2-s access to reinforcement and the other 8s). After establishing baseline responding, subjects were assigned to one of the two extinct...

Responses to Cortical Spreading Depression under Oxygen Deficiency

OBJECTIVES OBJECTIVES The effect of cortical spreading depression (CSD) on extracellular K(+) concentrations ([K(+)](e)), cerebral blood flow (CBF), mitochondrial NADH redox state and direct current (DC) potential was studied during normoxia and three pathological conditions: hypoxia, after NOS inhibition by L-NAME and partial ischemia. METHODS A SPECIAL DEVICE (MPA) WAS USED FOR MONITORIN...

Mechanisms of spreading depression and hypoxic spreading depression-like depolarization.

Spreading depression (SD) and the related hypoxic SD-like depolarization (HSD) are characterized by rapid and nearly complete depolarization of a sizable population of brain cells with massive redistribution of ions between intracellular and extracellular compartments, that evolves as a regenerative, "all-or-none" type process, and propagates slowly as a wave in brain tissue. This article revie...